New Zealand Rugby Players Face Higher Dementia Risk, Study Finds

New research indicates that male rugby players in New Zealand are at an increased risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, compared to the general population. The study, published in Sports Medicine, analyzed health outcomes for over 12,800 men who participated in provincial or international rugby from 1950 to 2000.

The findings reveal that 6.5% of rugby players developed a neurodegenerative condition, in contrast to 5.2% of similarly aged men in the wider population, marking a significant 22% increase in risk. This heightened vulnerability becomes apparent around the age of 70 and is more pronounced among those with extensive playing careers and higher levels of competition.

Study Insights and Broader Implications

The researchers concluded that participation in high-level rugby correlates with a small-to-moderate rise in neurodegenerative disease rates compared to the general populace. These results align with similar studies in other collision sports, such as soccer and American football, which have identified increased risks of dementia and related disorders among former athletes.

Autopsies of athletes have also indicated the presence of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive brain condition linked to repeated head impacts. Recently, former Australian Football League player Adam Hunter was posthumously diagnosed with CTE after his death at the age of 43. In rugby, former All Black Carl Hayman, now 45, is experiencing early-onset dementia and is part of a group of ex-players suing World Rugby for insufficient protection against head injuries.

The New Zealand study is the most extensive of its kind conducted in the country. It utilized medical and death records to identify cases of neurodegenerative diseases. Although the findings strongly suggest an association, the researchers acknowledged that other factors, such as the nature of contact events in rugby, may also play a role. They also noted limitations, including the exclusion of women, amateur players, and those who played after 2000, when significant professionalization of the sport occurred alongside new regulations aimed at reducing head injury risks.

Response from New Zealand Rugby

The project received support from World Rugby and the New Zealand Rugby Foundation. This association has raised questions regarding the study’s independence; however, the authors emphasized their commitment to a rigorous research process.

In response to the study, New Zealand Rugby stated that it contributes to the evidence base guiding reforms aimed at improving player safety. Since 2000, the organization has implemented stricter tackle laws, established new return-to-play protocols, and enhanced medical examinations to mitigate concussion risks.

Mark Robinson, Chief Executive Officer of New Zealand Rugby, acknowledged the impact of rugby on some players and their families, referred to as “whānau” in Māori. He stated, “While we can’t change the past, we acknowledge the impact rugby has had on some players and their whānau. Their experiences matter deeply and they continue to guide the work we’re doing to improve player welfare and drive meaningful change across the game.”

The research underscores the ongoing need for vigilance in sports regarding the long-term health risks associated with collision-based activities. As rugby continues to evolve, the lessons drawn from such studies are crucial for safeguarding the well-being of current and future players.