Local Hydrogen Production Emerges as Best Option for Heavy-Duty Trucks

Hydrogen-powered heavy-duty vehicles could drastically lower carbon dioxide emissions from road transport, according to new research from Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden. The study highlights that locally produced green hydrogen presents the most significant climate benefits while promoting energy self-sufficiency in various countries.

Heavy-duty vehicles account for approximately one-fifth of global oil consumption. In the European Union, diesel trucks are identified as the largest contributors to transport-related greenhouse gas emissions. As demand for road transport is projected to rise, finding alternative fuels is critical to addressing these environmental concerns.

Hydrogen’s Potential as a Cleaner Fuel

The research, published in the journal iScience, evaluates hydrogen’s potential throughout its life cycle, from production and transport to the materials used in truck manufacturing. Lead author Jorge Enrique Velandia Vargas, a postdoctoral researcher at Chalmers, pointed out, “Hydrogen does not produce carbon dioxide when used in fuel cells, but we need to ensure that we do not shift emissions from one part of the life cycle to another.” The study models various scenarios for hydrogen supply chains in Sweden to assess the environmental impact of different production methods.

One of the study’s key findings is that transitioning from diesel to hydrogen can significantly decrease carbon dioxide emissions. Nevertheless, the methods of producing and handling hydrogen create varying climate impacts, underscoring the importance of making informed choices regarding hydrogen production.

The European Union has set ambitious targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55 percent by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. This strategy is part of the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR), which aims to support the transition towards sustainable transport.

Comparing Hydrogen Production Methods

The study raises questions about the viability of blue hydrogen, which is derived from natural gas with carbon dioxide captured during production. Maria Grahn, an Associate Professor at Chalmers, noted, “In theory, blue hydrogen can be climate neutral, but in practice, it is not. Between 5 to 10 percent of CO2 can escape into the atmosphere during the process.” The study also highlights the methane emissions associated with blue hydrogen production, which has a greenhouse effect 30 times that of carbon dioxide.

In contrast, green hydrogen production involves splitting water using renewable energy sources. Grahn emphasizes that this method produces minimal emissions and can be implemented globally, as it relies on water and renewable energy sources. This energy independence is particularly relevant in the context of geopolitical crises, such as the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine.

Additionally, the researchers propose that using biomethane, derived from organic waste, could offer a path to negative emissions in hydrogen production. However, the feasibility of sourcing sufficient biomethane remains uncertain. As a simpler alternative, the direct use of biomethane as truck fuel may be more efficient than converting it to hydrogen.

Local Production for Greater Efficiency

The study concludes that producing hydrogen close to refuelling stations is more environmentally friendly than centralizing production at large facilities. Local production minimizes the energy and emissions associated with transporting hydrogen, which is a light element that complicates logistics. Vargas explains, “Hydrogen does not ‘like’ to be transported. In gaseous form, it requires powerful compression, while in liquid form, it necessitates extreme cooling, both of which involve energy losses.”

To maximize hydrogen’s contribution to reducing emissions, the researchers stress the need for proper conditions in hydrogen production and distribution. While the study is based on Swedish conditions, the broader implications can be applied globally. Vargas states, “The transport sector is changing rapidly, and every decision made has long-term consequences. Therefore, it is crucial for decision-makers to rely on thorough evaluations and life cycle analyses.”

The research titled “Vehicle-oriented and Sweden-framed life cycle assessment: Hydrogen for long-haul trucks” offers essential insights as nations explore sustainable fuel alternatives for heavy-duty vehicles.